颜料通常以颜料干粉的形式供应用于涂料中。这里的颜料并不是原始颗粒,而是附聚体。附聚体是颜料颗粒的“集合”,其中在颜料颗粒之间的空间间隙里包含有空气和潮气。颜料颗粒彼此以边和角相接触,颗粒之间的相互作用力比较小,因此这种力可被常规的分散设备所克服。
颜料在分散时,颜料附聚体被冲击力和剪切力破坏,在理想的情况下可以成为原始颗粒。在这一过程中,能量被输入涂料体系,从而形成了较小的颗粒,它们与树脂溶液则有了较大的界面。这样的体系会努力摆脱前述高能量的状态,而恢复到原先的低能量状态:以细微颗粒分布的颜料会聚集在一起,形成较大的结构,这就是絮凝。这一过程表现为诸如颜色强度的降低、失光以及流变性质的变化等现象。从结构上来看,絮凝体与附聚体非常相似;只不过絮凝体中颜料之间的空间内充满了基料溶液而不是空气。
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